Look Back Into Anger By John Osborne - 2819 Words

CHAPTER – 2 Concept of Kitchen Sink Realism and Angry Young Man in Look Back in Anger Introduction of Look Back in Anger The play Look Back in Anger (1956) is written by John Osborne. The play is actually a love triangle involving an educated young man of working class origin Jimmy Porter, his upper-middle-class wife Alison, and her haughty best friend Helena Charles. Cliff, who is a true friend to both Jimmy and Alison, and attempts to keep the peace. The play was a huge success on the stage, and initiated the term angry young men to describe Osborne and those of his generation who employed this harshness of realism in the theatre. Look Back in Anger is thoroughly an autobiographical play in one respect. The hero Jimmy, is deeply involved in â€Å"class-war†, in a same way as the author was. It also contains some parts Osborne s earlier life, for example the wrenching speech of seeing a loved one die, was a replay of the death of Osborne s father, Thomas. The play is best remembered for, though, are Jimmy s attacks, he is the main speaker in the play and most of the dialogues are given to Jimmy. Many dialogues directed against the female characters, and this is a very distinct echo of the playwright s uneasy relationship with women, starting with his own mother, Nellie Beatrice, described by Osborne in his autobiography.Show MoreRelatedLook Back in Anger as an Extraordinary Play / John Osborne as a Dramatist / Social Issues in Look Back in Anger / Look Back in Anger as a Mouthpiece of John Osborne1613 Words   |  7 PagesLook Back in Anger as an extraordinary play / John Osborne as a dra matist / Social issues in Look Back in Anger / Look Back in Anger as a mouthpiece of John Osborne The first production of John Osbornes Look Back in Anger in 1956 provoked a major controversy. There were those, like the Observer newspapers influential critic Kenneth Tynan, who saw it as the first totally original play of a new generation. There were others who hated both it and the world that Osborne was showing them. But evenRead MoreSocial Realism And The Works Of Literature2080 Words   |  9 Pages‘fight’ , through this art.They focused on the ugly realities of contemporary life and sympathized with working class people, particularly the poor. The public was outraged by Social Realism because they didn’t know how to look at it or what to do. Realism has always been chiefly concerned with the commonplace of everyday life among the middle class and lower middle classes, where character is a keeping in mind the social factors and environment is an importantRead MoreBritain Is Essentially A Class-Conscious Society W here1006 Words   |  5 Pagesthemes. The great pioneer of this movement was John Osborne. He firmly expressed wrath at what Britain had become at that time and he began to query the orthodox mores. In the decades prior to Osborne, less attention had been given to literature that illuminated the treatment and living state of affair experienced by lower classes. As the Angry Young Men movement came forth to articulate these themes, the acceptance of related matters was widespread. Osborne, as a revolutionist writer, dramatized theseRead MoreLook Back in Anger Play Analysis Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesLook Back in Anger is a play about the effects of British society on the citizens of England. Its plot is created around the main character, Jimmy, a tragic person but at the same time, an educated man, who realizes the situation of the country he’s living in and can’t do anything about it. His frustration is built around the tragedy of living in a country that is based on oppression and confidence. He is looking back to the old Empire, hence the title â€Å"Look back in anger†. I am going to discussRead MoreAlienation in WWII literature2652 Words   |  11 PagesExamples of these texts are John Osborne’s Look Back in Anger, Margaret Drabble’s The Millstone and Phillip Larkin’s The Whitsun Weddings and will be used to discuss the idea of alienation. John Osborne had many affairs over the course of his life and frequently mistreated his wives and lovers. He was married five times with all apart from his final marriage being unhappy unions. His marriage to Pamela Lane (1951-57) was what influenced the character of Alison in Look Back in Anger, although he describedRead More Comparing the Roles of Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger1830 Words   |  8 Pagesof Women in Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger In Arcadia, The Importance of Being Earnest, and Look Back in Anger, the women characters play distinct roles in the dramas. 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Informative Speech On Concussions - 729 Words

Speech Titles Concussions in football Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on concussions in football Central Idea: The three areas in which concussions affect players Mentally, Emotionally, and physically. Organization Method: TopicalPage 4 of 4 Speech Titles Concussions in football Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on concussions in football Central Idea: The three areas in which concussions affect players Mentally, Emotionally, and physically. Organization Method: Topical Introduction Close your eyes and imagine yourself as Nick Fitzgerald running the ball across the goaline you get the snap and the Boom next thing you know you are being woken up by a trainer you just experienced a concussion (Attention Graber) Most of us†¦show more content†¦Lack of judgment For example, Former Tight End for the New England Patriots Mr. Aaron Hernandez, was sentenced to life in jail after killing his sister in laws fiancà © My example earlier Aaron Hernandez suffered from CTE according to Dr. Ann McKee of Boston University which brings me to my next point. The physical effects of concussions Physically CTE CTE basically make the cells spit out a protein that can spill out due to blunt force trauma this protein can disable neural pathways that controls things such as memory or judgement. 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I am content, Consider these words spoken by Shylock in Act IV Essay Example For Students

I am content, Consider these words spoken by Shylock in Act IV Essay In this essay I will discuss whether or not I believe Shylocks words in Act IV to be a true reflection of his feelings. He is one of the main, if not the main character in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare. He is a Jew, and loathed by most of the other characters in the play. Shakespeare portrayed him as the stereotypical Jew. He has a hatred of Christians and lends money with interest with the sole purpose of making profit. He lives in Venice with his daughter Jessica. There is no mention of a wife, but we later learn that she has died a few years back. Bassanio, a Christian needs money to fund a journey overseas to Belmont where he attempts to win beautiful Portias hand in marriage. He asks his friend Antonio for a loan but all his wealth is tied up in ships. Together they go to Shylock for money. He agrees to lend them three thousand ducats, to be paid in three months time when Antonios ships come in. If they fail to pay back the money then Shylock will be eligible to one pound of Antonios flesh, cut nearest to his heart. When, after the three months are up, Antonio cannot pay back the loan, Shylock demands his forfeiture. Antonio takes the matter to the Venetian court. The judge allows Shylock to have what is lawfully his and cut off a pound of Antonios flesh but he must not shed one drop of Christian blood. Shylock has been beaten by his own legal bond. By the laws of Venice, if a person seeks the life of an citizen then the citizen gets one half of the conspirators wealth while the other half goes to the state. Therefore Antonio is given one half of Shylocks wealth. Antonio gives his half back to Shylock but makes him commit to two things. Upon his death he must give half of his wealth to Lorenzo, Jessicas husband. He must also become a Christian. This shows great mercy on Antonios part, for Shylocks conversion to Christianity grants him a place in heaven. This shows Antonios soft side, as he hates Shylock with the same passion as Shylock hates him. But does Antonio intend to show mercy? Antonio knows that being Jewish is very important to Shylock and his loathing of Christians is well documented. Is this Antonios way of getting revenge on Shylock? They are two very different people. Shylock does not take any interest in food, music or love and the Christians find this strange. Throughout the play Shylock is only called directly by his name five times. All the other times he is mostly called Jew. Art thou contented Jew? We all expect a gentle answer Jew. This makes him stand out as an alien amongst all the Christians. The judge asks Shylock if he has anything to say. He answers with the words I am content. At the end of the play Shylock has nothing left. He has lost his daughter, his wealth, his wifes ring, his religion and his home. But thanks to Antonio his soul has been saved. Shylock is a very strong character, although misunderstood. His speeches are powerful. He is a very cunning man. When Antonio and Bassanio approach him for the loan he reveals to the audience how much and why he hates Antonio. I hate him for he is a Christian. But more, for that in low simplicity he lends out money gratis, and brings down the rate of usance here with us in Venice. .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .postImageUrl , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:hover , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:visited , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:active { border:0!important; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:active , .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23 .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10b1dbc5296de81a452ab9df3d6d8d23:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic Device Argumentative EssayHe then goes on to tell Antonio about all the times he has rated him in the Rialto, called him names and spat upon him and how he has borne it with a patient shrug. But then he offers his friendship to Antonio along with the bond. We know that he has no desire whatsoever for Antonios friendship. He is also very cunning when it comes to the terms of the bond. He plays down the cutting of Antonios flesh to be nothing more than a little joke, when in reality it is a clever way to get revenge on Antonio and to possibly kill him. Many people have different opinions of him. Some see him as an evil villain while others see him as a misunderstood person who only wants what is rightfully his. Anti-Semitism had been around in Britain ever since the first Jews arrived. Stories were told of Jews kidnapping babies, drinking blood in sacrificial rituals and forcing adult circumcisions. In 1591 a play was written portraying the main character, a Jew, as being a very evil murderer who killed his own daughter along with a convent of nuns. Thus, when Shakespeare first wrote The Merchant of Venice, the majority saw Shylock as the baddie of the play. Another reason why Christians hated Jews was because they believed them to be the reason for Christs death. It is clear though that Shakespeare himself was not entirely Anti-Semitic as he shows Shylock to have feelings and emotions in some sympathetic scenes. Shylocks speech in Act III, Scene I reveals his feelings towards peoples attitude towards him and the fact that just because he is a Jew, he is no different in any other bodily way from the Christians. The only difference between the two is their religion and beliefs. Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us do we not bleed? If you tickle us do we not laugh? If you poison us do we not die? And if you wrong us shall we not revenge? Even so, the picture we get of Shylock in the trial scene repeatedly sharpening his knife would bring back the horrific tales to peoples minds. In some scenes Shylock comes across as a very shallow character. After he discovers Jessica has eloped with Lorenzo and some of his wealth, he seems to be more worried about his money and jewels than Jessicas disappearance. Two thousand ducats in that, and other precious, precious jewels. I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear. But in Act III, Scene I, when he is discussing with Tubal, a fellow Jew, what he has learned of Jessicas elopement, a softer more human side of him is shown. Tubal reveals that Jessica took a ring from Shylock that his late wife gave to him, and sold it for a monkey. Shylock is distraught as the ring had a lot of sentimental value. This is a contrast between Shylocks usual love of value in terms of profit and the more emotional, sentimental meaning of value. But, even though Shylock gets the sympathy of the audience in some cases, he usually follows with a cold-hearted act that quickly dissolves all sympathy. For instance, after he learns of Jessicas sale of the ring he turns his attentions to Antonio and his sunken ships. He immediently cheers up at the thought of having a pound of Antonios flesh and triumphing over the Christians. Shylock remains a consistently powerful character throughout the play. His speeches are long and effective and are spoken with passion. But during the trial scene, after Antonio makes him change his religion, he becomes quiet and remorseful. He leaves immediently, telling the court that he is ill and to send the deed after him. .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 , .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .postImageUrl , .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 , .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7:hover , .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7:visited , .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7:active { border:0!important; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7:active , .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7 .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78bdf5b1d61bb2056de6b7e41917c8e7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poem works EssayI pray you give me leave to go from hence, I am not well. Send the deed after me, and I will sign it. He has been beaten and he is no longer in charge. He is embarrassed and feels sorry for himself. After taking all the above into account, I come to the conclusion that Shylock is nowhere near being content. After fighting hard and zealously for the right to the pound of flesh over the duration of the play, he would not be wiling to give it all up just like that. Shylock knows that he has been beaten by his own bond and therefore does not want to be humiliated any more by further fighting on his behalf for the pound of flesh.

The American Revolution Essays (153 words) -

The American Revolution The American War was fought from 1776 to 1778 but the Revolution occurred much before the war. John Adams best described the revolution when he said: But what do we mean by the American Revolution? Do we mean the American war? The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people...This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people, was the real American Revolution. Thus, The American Revolution was fought to sustain a economic, political and social order. In order to understand what The American Revolution was, we must first look at some of the preexisting conditions of the colonies. The economy of Colonial America were divided into three distinct parts: New England, an area where the economy was predominately commerce; the South, an area where cash crops were the major economic order; and the middle colonies, a region that was a mix of both.

Amber Mileski Essays (959 words) - Family, Parenting, Free Essays

Amber Mileski Essays (959 words) - Family, Parenting, Free Essays Amber Mileski English 11 Textual Analysis February 28, 2017 Single Parenting and Dual Parenting Is single parenting better for children or is living in a home with both parents better for a child? Single parenting affects children in many ways, sometimes it doesn't affect them at all. Single parenting is more common now than rather back in the day. More parents are ending up alone because they are choosing to be. There isn't a very high percentage of single parent families but each year the percentage of single parent families rises. There are many children that live in a single parent home. Just because a child lives with one parent doesn't mean they are going to have issues. Living in a single parent home does make it harder for a child. Living in a single parent home does have many effects on a child. A child can suffer psychological and development problems. They are more likely to drop out of school and their chance of doing drugs and consuming alcohol is higher. Kids raised by one parent are less likely to be labeled or disgraced. So, to say if single parenting affects any peculiar child, it all depends. John Kelly states "A single parent with adequate resources may provide a stable home." I might say that this means that a parent with many resources as in extra help at home or help or abundant resources outside of the home, provide the single parent with more access of being able to be there for their child. One of the main themes in this article is the psychological effects of a child being in a single parent home. The theme of psychological effects of having a single parent is when a study took place in Sweden, looking at nearly a million health records of young people. It was explained that kids from single parent family had twice the incidence of psychological illness, wanting to attempt suicide, and they abuse alcohol. An example I'm going to use for the rest of this paragraph is about myself. I was raised in a single parent home, my grandmother raised me. My grandma worked her butt off, I went from sitter to sitter and saw my grandma at the end of the day. It really didn't influence me until I went to a friend's house and they had both their mom and dad. It was emotional but as I get older I believe it has more of a psychological effect on me now than it did when I was a child. Another major point on psychological effects of having a single parent is divorce. The theme of divorce is worry, hurt, fear, anger, revenge, guilt, and shame. Divorce is a very common reason parents end up single. Many children get exposed or drawn into the conflict that happens to parents before, during, and after parents split. Some parents are very selfish and try to pressure children to choose sides, which may leave them feeling guilty about having to pick a side. Children thrive on strength, security, and safety. For instance, single parents are more likely to move on or experience other disruptions that can affect a child. Uncertainty and emotional stress can increase the chances of a child having a psychological problem. A single parent can help prevent this by talking and listening to the child, protect the child from conflicts that happen between the parents, pay attention to the child and always try to stay positive. Development risks are higher with single parent families. The text concludes that single parents face issues when it comes to the child's progress in school compared to children that have both parents. An example I would like to use is myself again. I didn't face any issues in school, I knew my grandma was doing the best she could possibly do and if I needed help she found a way to help me. When I did good in school it relieved pressure off my grandma, and I knew that. So, that is what I did because I was aware of the affect it had on all of us. I can't say that all kids are like this because every single

Free Essays on The Altar

and indentation. Though the poem begins to take shape in the form of an altar in later editions as seen in Appendix B, C, and D. The textual features of the poem in later editions begin to resemble an altar according to western and modern images. In the eebo, 1975, and 1996 editions the shape of the poem is emphasized by various... Free Essays on The Altar Free Essays on The Altar Textual Differences in The Altar Shortly after his death in March 1633, George Herbert ¡Ã‚ ¯s poems were first published in, The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. Full of biblical references his images are often liturgical. Notably, George Herbert is known for his poems  ¡Ã‚ °Easter Wings ¡Ã‚ ± and  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ±, which are shaped to resemble the object evoked by its title. A pattern or concrete poem is the visual text imitating the title of the poem. In fact Herbert ¡Ã‚ ¯s poem  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± is part of a continuation of the poem,  ¡Ã‚ °The Church-porch ¡Ã‚ ± and proceeds to a section called  ¡Ã‚ °The Church ¡Ã‚ ± from which the poem is taken. From its original manuscript and first publication in 1633 to present time, the poem  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± has been subjected to and endured numerous editing processes. This paper will focus on the different editions of the poem,  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± and explain the textual features of the earlier representati on(s) of the text in relation to the recent representation(s) of the text. Shaped in the form of an altar the poem,  ¡Ã‚ °The Altar ¡Ã‚ ± is formed in a couplet; aabbccdd  ¡Ã‚ ­ in the earliest edition (Appendix A) the poem does not completely mimic the image or shape of an altar. Actually the indentation of certain lines adds to that observation. Lines three to sixteen are indented some more than others, whereas lines one and two are the only exception. The retype of the poem from the original manuscript does not exactly mimic the shape of an altar, especially in the middle portion, lines five to twelve. However, it does remain true to the textual words and indentation. Though the poem begins to take shape in the form of an altar in later editions as seen in Appendix B, C, and D. The textual features of the poem in later editions begin to resemble an altar according to western and modern images. In the eebo, 1975, and 1996 editions the shape of the poem is emphasized by various...

Financing the Short Term Obligations Coursework

Financing the Short Term Obligations - Coursework Example Body Paragraphs Task 1 Short term financing is vital for any kind of business in order to meet its financial necessities in a short period of time. Consequently, there are various sources of attaining short term debts. However, the four primary sources of short term finance available to any business comprise of Trade Credit, Bank Credit, Customers’ Advances and Commercial Paper. Trade Credit implies the allowance of credit businesses by the providers of raw materials and other equipment. In this type of financing, though no cash is allotted to the business, but it is given the permission to holdup the payment for the goods up to the extinction of the credit. Bank Credit is another significant source of short term financing which allows businesses to draw credit at once or in phases. There are various sub-categories of Bank Credit such as Loans, Cash Credit, Overdraft and Discounting of Bill. The third short term financing source is Customers’ Advances in which businesse s ask customers to pay a part of their payment in advance. This is often the case when orders are large as it facilitates the company to overcome its short-term necessities (World Academy Online, 2011). The fourth source is Commercial Paper, which is a short term unsecured obligation set out by a large company to investors, with the purpose of financing its immediate needs of inventories and other materials. Maturities on such papers do not exceed 270 days and the interest rate is usually less than that offered in bank loans. Since it is not a secured instrument of debt, therefore it is only acceptable if issued by credible organizations (Kacperczyk, 2010) Task 2 1. McDonald as well as Burger King have financed their short term needs and requirements largely through Bank Credits and Trade Credits. Both the companies have been borrowing capital from banks to buy inventories and goods which are needed urgently. They have also utilized the facility of Trade Credit through their supplie rs. In case of Burger King, short term obligations form around half of the total liabilities, indicating significant dependence on short term financing (Burger King Holdings Inc, 2012). In contrast to Burger King, McDonald’s short term obligations form around 33% of its total liabilities (McDonald’s Corporation, 2012) 2. Burger King Liquidity Ratios 1. Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities (2011) = 434,000,000 / 473,000,000 =0.91 x 2. Quick / Acid Test Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current Liabilities (2011) = (434,000,000 – 15,400,000)/ 473,000,000 = 0.88 x Efficiency Ratios 3. Debtor Days = Account Receivables / (Sales/360) (2011) = 138,100,000 / (2,502,200,000/360) = 19.87 days 4. Creditor Days = Accounts Payable / (Sales/360) (2011) = (106,900,000) / (2,502,200,000/360) = 15.38 days 5. Stock Turnover Days = (Inventory x 360) / Cost of Goods Sold (2011) = (15,400,000 x 360) / 1,614,800,000 = 3.43 days McDonald Liquidity Ratios 6 . Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities (2011) = 4,368,500,000 / 2,924,700,000 = 1.49 x 7. Quick / Acid Test Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) / Current Liabilities (2011) = (4,368,500,000 – 109,900,000) / 2,924,700,000 = 1.46 x Efficiency Ratios 8. Debtor Days = Account Receivables / (Sales/360) (2011) = 1,179,100,000 / (27,006,000,000/360) = 15.71 days 9. Creditor Days = Accounts Payable / (Sales/360) (2011) = (943,900,000)/ (27,006,000,000/

Should Abortion Be Legalized Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should Abortion Be Legalized - Research Paper Example Though abortion had been a vehemently disputed issue, and authorities stated it as crime, the same has obtained the legal status during the second half of the twentieth century. Since abortion is completely the personal matter for women, which not only relieves unnecessary domestic, financial and social burden from the very back of women but also leaves positive impact on their health and fitness, it must have legal status in every country of the globe, and mothers should have the right to decide about the fate of their unborn children without any interference from statute of law or social norms and cultural values prevailing in their social establishment. There was a time when abortion was criticized and censured by an overwhelming majority of the people in almost all parts of the world. The people widely looked down upon the act and declared it a serious sin, injustice, and crime against religious, moral and ethical principles being followed. The dogmatists particularly condemned a nd rebuked the practice by declaring it as an obnoxious act against humanity at large, which is equally heinous to the murder of a born individual. The religious people were of the view that since Nature had allowed the unborn child to enter the world, without entering into the debate that whether he is legitimate or illegitimate, no human should have the right to stop his way to arriving in the world at any cost. Another main reason behind opposing abortion was this that the person(s) responsible for the same were regarded as the murderers of an innocent life, which neither had any contribution in arriving in the world nor did he had the power to defend himself from the cruel clutches ready to take his life before birth even. Thus, taking the life of a harmless, defenseless and innocent unborn was undoubtedly a serious crime against society in the eyes of the religious-minded people as well as for the moralists in past. It is, therefore, the act of abortion always invited displeasu re and abhorrence of a large number of the population for the last several centuries, and people always maintained very negative opinion regarding the act. Animistic religion tends to regard abortion as a direct attack on the vital principles of nature. Similarly, Abrahamic faiths including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, do not allow any step even that advances towards abortion, as the Old Testament states: â€Å"Choose life, then, so that you and your descendants may live, in the love of Yahweh your God, obeying His voice, clinging to Him; for in this your life consists, and on this depends your long stay in the land which Yahweh swore to your fathers... (Dt 30:19-20). It is, therefore, the legalization of abortion had not been taken into consideration altogether till the end of the nineteenth century. Somehow, time took the drastic turn, and society started entering into debates and discussions in respect of the validity of abortion in the best interest of women and society. T he supporters of abortion argue that since the mother is the major sufferer before and after the birth of children, she should have been granted the permission to decided whether the child should be born or not.

Egypts Position on the Arab Israeli Conflict Essay Example for Free

Egypts Position on the Arab Israeli Conflict Essay one. The Kingdom was from this time ruled as one by several dynasties. . This state which was formed in On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was declared. (Breasted Piccione, 2001). The 18th Dynasty however is the one that marked the kingdom as an international in the period circa 1550 and 1070 BC. Egypts strategic geographic position which gave it control over the Suez Canal attracted the French and the British who sat in its cabinet and controlled the Suez and to a great extend the entire country during the late years of the 16th century (Breasted Piccione, 2001). The British later colonized Egypt after the first world wear. It was the treatment the brutish gave the Egyptians that caused a revolution which ended up with Egypt being declared an independent state in 1922. Because of the remaining presence of the British and the monarchy form of ruling, more revolutions took place and ousted the resulting to the declaration of Egypt as a republic in June 1953. Egypts ideologies are mostly based on the Islamic religion as all its leaders since it became a republic have been Arab Muslims (Al-Azmeh, 1993). Egypt ideologies are based ion internationalism where it tries to have the best diplomatic relationships with all countries internationally. Egypt unlike other Arab countries deals well with the western countries and has a good relationship with Israeli, a country the rest of the Arab countries detest. The country also believes in nationalism and socialism where resources are distributed and intended to be owned by the people and not just few individuals in the country (Al-Azmeh, 1993). The country has tried to establish democracy in its politics allowing the citizens to choose their own leaders. This has not been very successful as there still are reports of leader rigging elections. In the worlds politics, Egypt takes a moderate position, tries to be fair to both the western and the Arab nations. Egypt mainly aims at building its international image. Egypts foreign policies have always been moderate. The country has a great influence on political matters in both Africa where it is situated and the Middle East because of its diplomatic expertise, significantly large population, military strength and its geographical position which is very strategic (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). I n the recent decades, Egypts foreign policies have aimed at enhancing the countrys relations both regionally and internationally by supporting structural reforms, liberalization in social economy and global economy integration which are perceived to be the best measures to employ in achieving full economic development. Egypts was in support of the Declaration of Principles treaty as they interpreted it to be supportive of their ideologies ion what would bring a lasting peace to the Middle East. The fact that the declaration transferred power over west bank and Gaza was in accordance with Egypts belief that the withdrawal of Israel from Palestinian Territories was the key to a lasting peace (Brown, 2004). Egypt thus responded by doing what was expected of it during the agreement as they believed that the declaration would bring a lasting peace if both sides kept to their side of the bargain. The Declaration of Principles required Egypt to help the two nations in cooperating so as to achieve the peace that was longed for in the Middle East. Egypt also supported the declaration as it included maintenance of security though by only Israel. Egypt has always believed that security was vital for peace hence supported by helping provide police officers and passports to the Palestinian citizens as was required by the agreement. Countries such as Iran, Israeli Settlers and Syria did not participate in the agreement as they did not believe that the peace would last. Others thought that the agreement was a threat to them and did not want it to succeed. Most of these nations also are Islamic and view Jews to be a threat to their religion hence were hesitated in supporting the peace talks. Most groups believe that DOP process stopped in 2000 which could be true as the events that are currently happening violate the agreements made. Egypts foreign policies are also committed to ensuring that a lasting peace which is comprehensive can come to the Middle East. It does so by being involved actively in the efforts that that can achieve the peace. Egypt for example was the first Arab nation to sign a peace treaty with Israel, a move which caused Israel to be expelled from the Arab League (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). The treaty required Israel to completely withdraw and retreat from Sinai in 1979 in exchange for peaceful normal diplomatic relations according to which Israeli honoured and withdrew. The two countries have since then had good diplomatic relations that are peaceful (Embassy of Egypt, 2009) Egypt believes that peace can only come to the Middle East if the efforts being made are comprehensive at making Israeli withdraw from the Palestinian territories it has been occupying that prevent the creation of an independent Palestine. Egypt also believes that Israel has to recognize and respect Palestines political rights in the controversial Jerusalem. Egypt has therefore been at the forefront in constantly assisting the partners negotiating in the peace process towards applying the Israeli withdrawal for peace to be achieved (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). Egypt also believes that it is possible for stable peace to be achieved between Israel and Palestine if mechanisms can be adopted that would ensure that security is maintained by both parties so that one party can not take advantage of its economic and military superiority to attack the other party. Egypt proposes the region to be freed from weapons of mass destruction in order to enhance security and reduce attacks on each other (Embassy of Egypt, 2009). Egypt further explains that a framework that would ensure regional cooperation needs to be established as it would enhance peace stability and benefit the individuals in the region. As discussed above, Egypt believes that there is possibility for potential future peace agreement which may be solely between Israel and the Palestinian because the disruption of peace in the entire Middle East is attributed to the conflict between the two nations. The conflict between Israel and other Arab nation is also a result of the conflict between it and Palestine. Solving the conflict between Israel and Palestine thus is the answer to bringing peace in the Middle East. Egypt advocates for peace between the two nations and want it be such that security is maintained in the two nations and that they are both disarmed of any weapons of mass destruction. Egypt believes that it is lack of security and presence of the weapons that encourages the two nations to attack each other. Egypt also advocates for the establishment of a framework as discussed earlier that would enhance cooperation between the two nations towards promoting peace stability that will be beneficial to the people I n the region (Brown, 2004). If a peace conference was held today, Egypt would still support a peace deal between the two nations. Egypt supports a two state solution just like the United States does (Asharq Alawshat, 2009). This is because Egypt believes in bringing a comprehensive and lasting peace to the Middle East. Following the most recent attacks on the Gaza strip by Israel which left hundreds of Palestinians dead, and the persistent occupation of Israel in areas that are rightfully Palestinians, Egypt would want a peace deal to be reached in which Israel must retreat and withdraw from occupying these areas so that Palestine can become an independent state as it was before the Israel occupation of its territories (Asharq Alawshat, 2009). Egypt will not accept either Israel or Palestine to own weapons of mass destruction as this would easily trigger another conflict in the event a peace agreement was reached. This is so as to stop the two nations from carrying on attacks and bombings on each other. Egypt would also not accept the deal if Israel did not withdraw from the Palestinian territories it currently is occupying. Egypt would offer diplomatic support as it always has in reaching a peace deal between the two nations (Brown, 2004). Egypt would be ready to act as a mediator between the two nations as they negotiate as it has good relations with both of them. Egypt believes that Israel should recognise Palestines rights regarding Jerusalem, during the peace conference, it would advocate for the recognition to be included in the terms of the final peace deal as Jerusalem is important to Palestine just as it is to Israel. Egypt wants a lasting peace in the Middle East and would do everything it can to help achieve it. Word count: 1500 References Al-Azmeh, A. (1993). Islams and Modernities. New York: Verso. Asharq Alawshat. (2009). Latest News. Retrieved 109th May 2009 from, http://www. asharq-e. com/. Breasted, J. Piccione, A. P. (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt. Chicago, Illinois : University of Illinois Press. Brown. C. L. (2004). Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers. New york, NY : I. B. Tauris. Embassy of Egypt. (2009). Political System. Derived 19th May 2009 from http://www. egyptembassy. net/

Essay --

L'à ®le Sainte-Hà ©là ¨ne est situà ©e au milieu de l'Atlantique Sud, à   1930 km des cà ´tes africaines soit à   1900 km de l'Angola et à   3500 km du Brà ©sil. C'est un petit territoire de 410 km ² constituant un territoire britannique d'outre-mer. Napolà ©on Ier, l’Empereur dà ©chu pour les Franà §ais, le gà ©nà ©ral Buonaparte pour les Anglais, ne và ©cut que six annà ©es sur l’à ®lot rocheux de Sainte-Hà ©là ¨ne, bien loin du thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre de sa vie. Pourtant, ces annà ©es d’isolement et de retraite forcà ©e furent certainement la pà ©riode de son existence la plus riche en matià ¨re de bibliographie. Cette premià ¨re partie d’une bibliographie qui en comptera trois, dresse la liste des à ©crits produits durant les annà ©es d’exil et le retour des Cendres. Ce fut tout d’abord le temps des mà ©moires dictà ©s à   ses compagnons d’exil, dans lesquels Napolà ©on imposa à   la postà ©rità © son interprà ©tation des faits. De l’arrivà ©e à   Portsmouth à   l’agonie, les tà ©moins, qu’ils soient Franà §ais ou Anglais, fidà ¨les parmi les fidà ¨les ou simples visiteurs, eurent à   cÅ“ur de livrer leurs impressions. Leurs tà ©moignages sont multiples et permettent de dresser le dà ©cor et de voir vivre les protagonistes de l’histoire. L’à ©loignement gà ©ographique ne signifia pas l’oubli et le dà ©sintà ©rà ªt de l’Europe pour Napolà ©on. Le sujet restait brà »lant et les mà ©moires vives. Les libraires proposaient de nombreux ouvrages, des compilations et adaptations des textes de Sainte-Hà ©là ¨ne, des descriptions de l’à ®le et tout un fatras de poà ¨mes, odes et pamphlets sur l’homme qui s’imposa sur le continent pendant quinze ans. Enterrà © au Val des Gà ©raniums, sous une simple dalle sans mention de son nom, Napolà ©on ne pouvait rester anonyme. En 1840, une frà ©gate franà §aise aborda l’à ®le pour procà ©der à   la translation des Cendres vers Paris et les... ...ivant dans un pays aux frontià ¨res amputà ©es depuis 1815, de nombreux Franà §ais se souvinrent avec regret des grands moments de l’à ©poque impà ©riale. Alors que de nombreuses lithographies à ©taient diffusà ©es, nombreux furent ceux qui oublià ¨rent le despote, se remà ©morant l’homme qui avait prit Vienne, Berlin, Madrid et Moscou. Le corps de Napolà ©on, enterrà © sur l’à ®le de Sainte Hà ©là ¨ne, fut finalement rapatrià © à   Paris en 1840. Il fut alors installà © aux Invalides, oà ¹ l’on peut encore l’y trouver aujourd’hui. Depuis le XIX ° sià ¨cle, le destin de Napolà ©on n’en finit pas de fasciner et d’exciter les esprits : Empereur à   35 ans, maà ®tre de l’Europe à   43 ans, mort en exil à   52 ans. Ainsi, l’on estime qu’il fut statistiquement publià © un livre par jour parlant de Napolà ©on depuis le jour de son dà ©cà ¨s. Aujourd’hui encore, Napolà ©on reste l’homme le plus connu au monde aprà ¨s Jà ©sus Christ†¦

Anita Roddick – Essay

For the first three years of their marriage, Roddick and her husband were content running their restaurant and eight-room hotel. She dealt with the customers while he took care of the behind-the-scenes management. However, after three years, the pair found themselves overworked and separated from their children. They decided to sell their restaurant and embark on their own pursuits. Roddick’s husband, an equally avid traveler, decided that he wanted to ride a horse from Buenos Aires, Argentina to New York City. Ever the supportive wife, Roddick agreed and stayed home to care for their two children. It was during her husband’s time away that 33-year-old Roddick decided to open up a cosmetics store. But, it wouldn’t be just any cosmetics store. Roddick wanted her operation to be natural and environmentally conscious. Roddick was known for her campaigning work on environmental issues and was a member of the demos think tank's advisory council. Children on the edge (COTE) is an organization that Roddick founded in 1990, in response to her visits to Romanian orphanages. Upon seeing the conditions the children were in, she created COTE to help manage the crisis and worked to de-institutionalize the children over the course of their early life. COTE's mission focuses on disadvantaged children affected by conflicts, natural disasters, disabilities, and HIV/AIDS. On 13 December 2005, the national pose reported that Roddick had decided to turn her back on the world of commerce and give away her fortune, worth some ? 51 million ($104 million). The Body Shop proved so successful that soon Roddick wanted to open a second store. When she was rejected for a $8,000 loan from the bank, Roddick turned to a gas station owner named Ian McGlinn, who agreed to purchase half a share in the company. By the time her husband returned, Roddick’s chain had become so popular that more and more people had begun inquiring about franchise rights. The Body Shop franchise was based on a unique business philosophy; its goal would not be limited to profits, but would also try to encompass socially responsible principles. Roddick wanted her company to offer â€Å"a two-for-one sale no other cosmetic company could ever hope to match: buy a bottle of ‘natural’ lotion and get social justice for free. † The company also employed unique advertising techniques, such as lining the sidewalk leading into her store with Body Shop perfume and hanging potpourri. From campaigning to save Brazilian rainforests to fighting for fairer trade rules, Roddick has dedicated her company to social activism both at home and abroad. By 2004, there were over 1,980 Body Shop stores in over 40 countries around the world. It was voted the second most trust brand in the United Kingdom and Roddick was knighted by the Queen. More recently, the Body Shop was bought out by L’Oreal. Roddick has since spent most of her time giving away the majority of her accumulated $104 million fortune. Dame Anita Roddick, DBE (23 October 1942 – 10 September 2007) was a British businesswoman, human rights activist and environmental campaigner, best known as the founder of the body shop, a cosmetics company producing and retailing beauty products that shaped ethical consumerism. The company was one of the first to prohibit the use of ingredients tested on animals and one of the first to promote fair trade with third world countries. *Roddick was involved in activism and campaigning for environmental and social issues including involvement with Greenpeace and the big issue. In 1990, Roddick founded Children On The Edge, a charitable organization which helps disadvantaged children in Eastern Europe and Asia.

Study of Electromagnetic Clutch

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives us great pleasure when a certain task is accomplished with great zeal and enthusiasm. We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks and deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us in completing this project. First and foremost, we feel greatly indebted to Mr. D. M. SINGH and Mr. UBAID AHMAD KHAN, from the core of our heart for their constant support and valuable guidance time to time, because they encouraged and persuaded us to complete the project. We are also thankful to entire faculty members for their support.In order to complete the project we have taken help from various sites, books, study material etc. INTRODCTION A clutch is a mechanism for transmitting rotation, which can be engaged and disengaged. Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one shaft is typically driven by motor or pulley, and other shaft drives another device. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together an d spin at the same speed (engaged), or be decoupled and spin at different speeds (disengaged). The clutch disc (centre) spins with the flywheel (left).To disengage, the lever is pulled (black arrow), causing a white pressure plate (right) to disengage the green clutch disc from turning the drive shaft, which turns within the thrust-bearing ring of the lever. Never will all 3 rings connect, with any gaps. TYPES OF CLUTCH DOG CLUTCH A dog clutch is a type of clutch that couples two rotating shafts or other rotating components not by friction but by interference. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip.Dog clutches are used where slip is undesirable and/or the clutch is not used to control torque. Without slippage, dog clutches are not affected by wear in the same way that friction clutches are. Dog clutches are used inside manual automotive transmissions to lock different gears to the rota ting input and output shafts. A synchromesh arrangement ensures smooth engagement by matching the shaft speeds before the dog clutch is allowed to engage. Wet and dry A ‘wet clutch' is immersed in a cooling lubricating fluid, which also keeps the surfaces clean and gives smoother performance and longer life.Wet clutches; however, tend to lose some energy to the liquid. A ‘dry clutch', as the name implies, is not bathed in fluid. Since the surfaces of a wet clutch can be slippery (as with a motorcycle clutch bathed in engine oil), stacking multiple clutch disks can compensate for the lower coefficient of friction and so eliminate slippage under power when fully engaged. Cone clutch A cone clutch serves the same purpose as a disk or plate clutch. However, instead of mating two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque by friction.The cone clutch transfers a higher torque than plate or disk clutches of the same size due to the wedging acti on and increased surface area. Cone clutches are generally now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once common in automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions. They are usually now confined to very specialist transmissions in racing, rallying, or in extreme off-road vehicles, although they are common in power boats. This is because the clutch doesn't have to be pushed in all the way and the gears will be changed quicker. Centrifugal clutchA centrifugal clutch is a clutch that uses centrifugal force to connect two concentric shafts, with the driving shaft nested inside the driven shaft. Centrifugal clutches are often used in mopeds, lawnmowers, go-karts, chainsaws, and mini bikes. Fluid coupling A fluid coupling is a hydrodynamic device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. It has been used in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. It also has widespread application in marine and industrial machine drives, where variable speed operation and/or controlled start-up without shock loading of the power transmission system is essential.Torque limiter It is also known as safety clutch. A torque limiter is an automatic device that protects mechanical equipment, or its work, from damage by mechanical overload. A torque limiter may limit the torque by slipping (as in a friction plate slip-clutch), or uncouple the load entirely (as in a shear pin). The action of a torque limiter is especially useful to limit any damage due to crash stops and jams. Torque limiters may be packaged as a shaft coupling or as a hub for sprocket or sheave. A torque limiting device is also known as an overload clutch. Electromagnetism What is an electromagnet?An electromagnet can be made by sending current through a coil of wire wound around an iron core. When current passes through a conductor, magnetic field will be generated around the conductor and the conductor become a magnet. This phenomenon is called electromagnetis m. Since the magnet is produced electric current, it is called the electromagnet. In short, when current flow through a conductor, magnetic field will be generated. When the current ceases, the magnetic field disappear. The direction of the magnetic field formed by a current carrying straight wire can be determined by the Right Hand Grip Rule or the Maxwell Screw Rule.What is magnetic field pattern? A magnetic field pattern can be represented by field lines that show the shape of the field. Magnetic field lines which are closed together represents strong field. Field direction is defined as the direction indicated by a compass needle placed in the magnetic field. Force on current carrying conductor If a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field produced by permanent magnets, then the field due to current carrying conductor and the permanent magnets interact and cause the a force to be exerted on the conductor .The force on the current carrying conductor in a magnetic field depends on:- 1. The flux density of the field, B teslas 2. The strength of current, I amp 3. The length of the conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field 4. The direction of the field and current When the magnetic field, the current and the conductor are mutually perpendicular to each other then force exerted: F=IBL Newton When the conductor and magnetic field are at an angle, then the force exerted: F=IBLsin? Where; I=current, B magnetic field, L=Length of conductor ?-angle between conductor and magnetic field.Right Hand Grip Rule Grip the wire with the right hand, with the thumb pointing along the direction of the current. The other fingers give the direction of the magnetic field around the wire. The Maxwell's Screw Rules The Maxwell Screw Rules sometime is also called the Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule. Imagine a right handed screw being turn so that it bores its way in the direction of the current in the wire. The direction of rotation gives the direction of the magnetic fie ld. Electromagnetic clutch Electromagnetic clutches operate electrically, but transmit torque echanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches. CONSTRUCTION A horseshoe magnet has a north and south pole. If a piece of carbon steel contacts both poles, a magnetic circuit is created. In an electromagnetic clutch, the north and south pole is created by a coil shell and a wound coil. In a clutch, when power is applied, a magnetic field is created in the coil. This field (flux) overcomes an air gap between the clutch rotor and the armature. This magnetic attraction, pulls the armature in contact with the rotor face.The frictional contact, which is being controlled by the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to start. The torque comes from the magnetic attraction, of the coil and the friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the clutch rotor. For many industrial clutches, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate, but different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque for special applications).For example, if the clutch is required to have an extended time to speed or slip time, a low coefficient friction material can be used and if a clutch is required to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low rpm applications), a high coefficient friction material can be used. In a clutch, the electromagnetic lines of flux have to pass into the rotor, and in turn, attract and pull the armature in contact with it to complete clutch engagement. Most industrial clutches use what is called a single flux, two pole design. Mobile clutches of other specialty electromagnetic clutches can use a double or triple flux rotor.The double or trip flux refers to the number of north/south flux paths, in the rotor and armature. This means that, if the armature is designed properly and has similar banana slot s, what occurs is a leaping of the flux path, which goes north south, north south. By having more points of contact, the torque can be greatly increased. In theory, if there were 2 sets of poles at the same diameter, the torque would double in a clutch. Obviously, that is not possible to do, so the points of contact have to be at a smaller inner diameter.Also, there are magnetic flux losses because of the bridges between the banana slots. But by using a double flux design, a 30%-50% increase in torque, can be achieved, and by using a triple flux design, a 40%-90% in torque can be achieved. This is important in applications where size and weight are critical, such as automotive requirements. The coil shell is made with carbon steel that has a combination of good strength and good magnetic properties. Copper (sometimes aluminium) magnet wire, is used to create the coil, which is held in shell either by a bobbin or by some type of epoxy/adhesive.To help increase life in applications, f riction material is used between the poles on the face of the rotor. This friction material is flush with the steel on the rotor, since if the friction material was not flush, good magnetic traction could not occur between the faces. Some people look at electromagnetic clutches and mistakenly assume that, since the friction material is flush with the steel that the clutch has already worn down but this is not the case. Clutches used in most mobile applications, (automotive, agriculture, construction equipment) do not use friction material.Their cycle requirements tend to be lower than industrial clutches, and their cost is more sensitive. Also, many mobile clutches are exposed to outside elements, so by not having friction material, it eliminates the possibility of swelling (reduced torque), that can happen when friction material absorbs moisture. HOW DOES IT WORKS The clutch has four main parts: field, rotor, armature, and hub (output) . When voltage is applied the stationary magne tic field generates the lines of flux that pass into the rotor. (The rotor is normally connected to the part that is always moving in the machine. The flux (magnetic attraction) pulls the armature in contact with the rotor (the armature is connected to the component that requires the acceleration), as the armature and the output start to accelerate. Slipping between the rotor face and the armature face continues until the input and output speed is the same (100% lockup). The actual time for this is quite short, between 1/200th of a second and 1 second. Disengagement is very simple. Once the field starts to degrade, flux falls rapidly and the armature separates.One or more springs hold the armature away from the rotor at a predetermined air gap. Engagement time There are actually two engagement times to consider in an electromagnetic clutch. The first one is the time that it takes for a coil to develop a magnetic field, strong enough to pull in an armature. Within this, there are two factors to consider. The first one is the amount of ampere turns in a coil, which will determine the strength of a magnetic field. The second one is air gap, which is the space between the armature and the rotor. Magnetic lines of flux diminish quickly in the air..Air gap is an important consideration especially with a fixed armature design because as the unit wears over many cycles of engagement the armature and the rotor will create a larger air gap which will change the engagement time of the clutch. In high cycle applications, where registration is important, even the difference of 10 to 15 milliseconds can make a difference, in registration of a machine. Even in a normal cycle application, this is important because a new machine that has accurate timing can eventually see a â€Å"drift† in its accuracy as the machine gets older.The second factor in figuring out response time of a clutch is actually much more important than the magnet wire or the air gap. It involves cal culating the amount of inertia that the clutch needs to accelerate. This is referred to as â€Å"time to speed†. In reality, this is what the end-user is most concerned with. Once it is known how much inertia is present for the clutch to start then the torque can be calculated and the appropriate size of clutch can be chosen. Most CAD systems can automatically calculate component inertia, but the key to sizing a clutch is calculating how much inertial is reflected back to the clutch or brake.To do this, engineers use the formula: T = (wk2 ? ?N) / (308 ? t) Where T = required torque in lb-ft, WK2 = total inertia in lb-ft2, ? N = change in the rotational speed in rpm, and t = time during which the acceleration or deceleration must take place. There are also online sites that can help confirm how much torque is required to accelerate a given amount of inertia over a specific time. Circuit design and analysis OBJECTIVE A control circuit is to be designed to control the motor and drive unit. The Design specifications are to be fully implemented.An incomplete circuit and equipments are given and once it is understood appropriate values for the different components should be decided. These values should allow the circuit to perform as specified. Design Specification A circuit is to be designed which is 1. Allows the angular speed of the motor to build up to a value of 20 revolutions per minute (rpm), in a time of 2 seconds (s). 2. Maintains the angular speed of 20 rpm for a time of 3s. 3. When clutch pedal is pressed it brings the machine to a halt in a time of 1s. 4.Builds up the angular speed again to 20 rpm, in a time of 2s, except this time in the opposite direction. 5. Maintains the angular speed of 20 rpm for a time of 6s. 6. Brings the machine to a halt in a time of 1s. 7. Repeats the cycle above (1-6) indefinitely when powered on. The motor must not be in dynamic braking mode at the same time as it is being driven. CIRCUIT OPERATION The initial design for the complete circuit is shown below. All references to components refer to this circuit diagram. * ANALOGUE SECTION When power is supplied to the circuit the 555 Timer switches on and its output pulses high.The initial high pulse is longer because the 555 Timer is initially at 0V. The capacitor C3 usually charges from 1/3Vcc to 2/3Vcc. However initially it has to charge from 0V to 2/3Vcc. The duration of this initial high pulse is ta = 1. 1(R6 + R7)*C3 After the initial high pulse a constant charge time is the capacitor charge time is given as tc= 0. 693(R6 + R7)*C3 (1) The output of the timer is brought up to +5V by R5. Pin 3 of the 555 Timer is at +5V when the output is at logic high.TR2 is then forward biased due to the fact that it is a NPN transistor and its collector is grounded. TR2 has a base current limiter R4. TR1 has a base current limiter R2. Transistor TR1 is now reversed bias (i. e. it is open circuited) and C1 now charges up via resistor R1. As a result the motor turns on. If suitable values of resistor R1 and capacitor C1 are used then the required waveform will be obtained for the analogue output. The duration of this low pulse is td= 0. 693(R7)*C3 (2) Pin 3 of the 555 Timer goes to 0V.TR2 is then reverse biased due to the fact that it is a NPN transistor and its collector is at +5V. Transistor TR1 is now forward biased (i. e. it is short-circuited) and C1 now discharges. The motor is now switched off. * Digital Section The voltage at the collector of TR2 provides the input clock pulse for IC2, which is configured so that it is triggered on the rising edge. Both the inputs A1 and A2 are always grounded. When the output from pin 3 of the 555 Timer is high the transistor TR2 forward biased. Therefore the input to IC2 is high. It is seen that when this occurs the output Q is high.This in turn becomes a clock signal for the J-K flip- flop (IC3) and provides Logic 1 on one of the OR-gate inputs of IC4. After IC2 is triggered, it remains high fo r a time determined by the formula tw= C2*R8*ln2 (3) C2 and R8 control the length of time of braking as well as switching the direction of the motor. When IC2 is reset a pulse is sent to the negative edge triggered J-K flip-flop (IC3). From the Data sheet for (IC3) it is seen that with the clear high and both the inputs J and K high the JK toggles.Assuming that the initial state of (IC3) is Q = 1 and Q = 0, A is initially at logic 0 and B is at logic 1. Therefore the motor will rotate to the left in an anti-clockwise direction. When IC 2 is being triggered logic 1 will be applied to both of the OR-Gates of IC4. As a result A and B will be high. The motor will now be in dynamic braking mode. When the IC 2 is reset, Q now is logic zero and Q is logic high. Therefore A will be high and B will now be zero. The motor will now run in a clockwise direction. When the IC 2 is re-triggered it will again be in dynamic braking mode.Circuit Simulation PSpice Before building the circuit that the group had modified and it was necessary to simulate its operation to see if the design we had would work correctly i. e. within the parameters. The simulation was carried out in an electrical simulation package Pspice. Pspice is a useful design tool that allows the testing of electrical circuits without the necessity to build them. It allows designs to be modified quickly and easily so that new ideas and improvements can be incorporated, before the circuit is constructed.This saves time and a considerable part of the effort when de-bugging the wiring and operation of the circuit. There were a number of reasons that the group simulated the circuit before going to the actual building stage. The main advantage was that Pspice allowed us to use theoretical values for components so we could get the timing of the circuit-very important in this case- exactly right. Although this does not mean that ‘ideal’ components may be used in practice it allowed us to narrow the range of available components that were required. This saved time when building and testing the circuit.Another advantage was that the wiring of ICs (Integrated circuit) was made simpler because we could use the Pspice schematics as a visual aid COMPONENTS USED Resistors The resistor's function is to reduce the flow of electric current. This symbol is used to indicate a resistor in a circuit diagram. There are two classes of resistors; fixed resistors and the variable resistors. They are also classified according to the material from which they are made. The typical resistor is made of either carbon film or metal film. There are other types as well, but these are the most common.Fixed ResistorsA fixed resistor is one in which the value of its resistance cannot change. Carbon film resistorsThis is the most general purpose, cheap resistor. Usually the tolerance of the resistance value is  ±5%. Power ratings of 1/8W, 1/4W and 1/2W are frequently used. Carbon film resistors have a disadvantage ; they tend to be electrically noisy. Metal film resistors are recommended for use in analog circuits. The physical size of the different resistors is as follows. METAL FILM RESISTOR| | Metal film resistors are used when a higher tolerance (more accurate value) is needed.They are much more accurate in value than carbon film resistors. They have about  ±0. 05% tolerance. They have about  ±0. 05% tolerance. Resistors that are about  ±1% are more than sufficient. Ni-Cr (Nichrome) seems to be used for the material of resistor. The metal film resistor is used for bridge circuits, filter circuits, and low-noise analog signal circuits. From the top of the photograph 1/8W (tolerance  ±1%) 1/4W (tolerance  ±1%) 1W (tolerance  ±5%) 2W (tolerance  ±5%)| Rough size| Rating power (W)| Thickness (mm)| Length (mm)| | | 3| 1/4| 2| 6| 1| 3. 5| 12| 2| 5| 15| |VARIABLE RESISTORThere are two general ways in which variable resistors are used. One is the variable resistor which value is eas ily changed, like the volume adjustment of Radio. The other is semi-fixed resistor that is not meant to be adjusted by anyone but a technician. It is used to adjust the operating condition of the circuit. Capacitors The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor also functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current (DC). This symbol is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram.The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by an insulator. When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged. Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors) The most important characteristic of electrolytic capacitors is that they have polarity. They have a positive and a negative electrode. [Polarised] This means that it is very important which way round they are connected.If the capacitor is subjected to voltage exceeding its working voltage, or if it is connected with incorrect polarity, it may burst. It is extremely dangerous, because it can quite literally explode. Make absolutely no mistakes. Generally, in the circuit diagram, the positive side is indicated by a â€Å"+† (plus) symbol. Electrolytic capacitors range in value from about 1 µF to thousands of  µF. Ceramic capacitors Ceramic capacitors are constructed with materials such as titanium acid barium used as the dielectric. Internally, these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so they can be used in high frequency applications.Typically, they are used in circuits which bypass high frequency signals to ground. These capacitors have the shape of a disk. Their capacitance is comparatively small. TRANSISTORSThe transistor's function is to amplify an electric current. Many different kinds of transistors are used in ana log circuits, for different reasons. This is not the case for digital circuits. In a digital circuit, only two values matter; on or off. The amplification abilitiy of a transistor is not relevant in a digital circuit. In many cases, a circuit is built with integrated circuits(ICs). Transistors are often used in digital circuits as buffers to protect ICs.For example, when powering an electromagnetic switch (called a ‘relay'), or when controlling a light emitting diode. (In my case. ) Two different symbols are used for the transistor. PNP type and NPN type INTEGRATED CIRCUITSAn integrated circuit contains transistors, capacitors, resistors and other parts packed in high density on one chip. Although the function is similar to a circuit made with separate components, the internal structure of the components are different in an integrated circuit. The transistors, resistors, and capacitors are formed very small, and in high density on a foundation of silicon.They are formed by a v ariation of printing technology. There are many kind of ICs, including special use ICs. DIODEA diode is a semiconductor device which allows current to flow through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, it does not operate the way a diode does. A diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one direction. Some ways in which the diode can be used are listed here. A diode can be used as a rectifier that converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current) for a power supply device.Diodes can be used to separate the signal from radio frequencies. Diodes can be used as an on/off switch that controls current. This symbol is used to indicate a diode in a circuit diagram. The meaning of the symbol is (Anode)(Cathode). Current flows from the anode side to the cathode side. RELAYThe relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controled by the current flowing to the coil, or not, respectively.A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e. g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage circuit (e. g. 100 VAC or more). The relay operates mechanically, so it can not operate at high speed. | WIRING MATERIALWire is used to electrically connect circuit parts, devices, equipment etc. There are various kinds of wiring materials The different types of wire can be divided largely into two categories: single wire and twisted strand wire, single wire is used to connect devices (resistors, capacitors etc. together on the PWB. It is also used for jumper wiring. Twisted strand wire can bend freely, so it can be used for wiring on the PWB, and also to connect discrete pieces of equipment. If single wire is used to connect separate equip ment, it will break soon, as it is not very flexible. It is convenient to use the single tin coated wire of the diameter 0. 32 mm for the wiring of PWB. If the diameter is larger, soldering becomes a little bit difficult. And if the diameter is too thin, it becomes difficult to bend the wire the way you want it to stay.DiscussionsElectro-Magnetic CompatibilityElectromagnetic compatibility is a field which is becoming ever more important in the modern world as the use of electronic devices becomes even more widespread. It refers to the effect of electromagnetic waves on an electrical device and the degree to which this device affects other devices in the neighbourhood. This interference can act in a number of ways. Conduction – the interference occurs because of a current flow into the circuit from an external source or from one part of the circuit to another via an unintended path. e. g. a loose wire.Inductive coupling – the interference is caused by a magnetic field i n the neighbourhood of the device. This can affect the electrons flowing in the wires of the device. Capacitive coupling – the interference is caused by an electric field in the vicinity of the device. This also affects the current flowing in the device. Radiation – this type of interference is caused by waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. One example of this is radio waves being affected by radiation from a nearby mobile phoneIn the control circuit for the de-burring machine there were very few sources of EM interference.The voltage levels used meant that any waves generated would probably not be of sufficient power to affect external devices. The time was not available to measure the interference being generated by the control circuit but if a real company was planning to develop this product they would have to test it thoroughly to ensure that no compatibility problems would exist under normal operating conditions. For example in a factory environment it is possi ble that the circuit could be placed near sensitive devices such as computers.The reverse is also true the manufacturer must check to ensure that the circuit is not adversely affected by the other forms of EM interference generated in the workplace by devices such as robots, air conditioning systems and motors. One advantage of the control circuit for the de-burring machine is that it is very compact so it would therefore not be too expensive to construct a case which would shield the device from external sources of EM waves and also contain any emissions generated by the device. It would also be possible to put a filter on the analogue output from the circuit to remove any noise being picked up by the circuit.This would ensure that the analogue output was not seriously affected; however it is not really necessary. The analogue output level for the device was chosen to be 1. 2V because this gives a relatively low RPM however it could be raised so that any noise picked up would only alter the analogue output by a very small percentage. The gearing could then be adjusted to give the correct speed. The largest source of EM emissions from the de-burring machine would probably be the motor itself. This is because of the magnetic fields generated by the rotor and stator coils.As stated on the motor data sheet no testing has been carried out on the EMC of the motor but no effect has been noticed on the circuit. The simplest solution to any problems caused by the motor would be to place some form of shielding around the motor or to place the motor a distance away from the control circuit. GearingThe motor and control unit used in the construction of the circuit was not suitable for operation at the low RPM required for the drum of the de-burring machine. The lowest voltage possible speed input to the control unit was 500 rpm when the input voltage was 1V.In order to scale down the speed of the drum it was decided to use a gearing unit. In order to meet the specificati ons of the design brief it is required to drop the speed of the motor to 20rpm. Given the current design of the circuit the output voltage of 1. 2V gives a speed of 800rpm. This means that a gear ratio of 800:20 or 40:1 is required. This can be achieved by using two gear wheels with diameters in the ratio 40:1 but this would not be practical as it would require one wheel to be a great deal larger than the other. Using 2 gear wheels would also result in the drum turning in the opposite direction and this is undesirable.Gear TrainsAnother possible gear combination to achieve the required reduction in speed would be to use three cogs. The first two would be in the ratio 8:1 and then the second two in the ratio 5:1. To achieve this a ‘gear train’ would have to be formed as shown in figure 5. 1. This would save space and also correct the problem of the drum rotating in the wrong direction as the second cog would reverse the direction then the third would return it to normal. Planetary GearingAn even more compact method of gearing would be to use what is known as a planetary gear.In this type of gearing mechanism the smaller cogs are fitted inside the larger cogs as shown in figure 5. 2 below. The red cogs are held stationary and the yellow gear is connected to the input. This saves space by having the input and output on the same axis and also makes the mechanism more robust by using three central gears instead of one. This would reduce the servicing required by the machine which is an important consideration in industry. The red and yellow gears would be in the ratio of 5:1 and the blue and red gears would have to be in the ratio 8:1 to give the required 40:1 reduction.Worm GearsThe final type of gear to be considered is the worm gear (figure 5. 3). In this system the reduction factor can be very large which would allow one cog to make the 40:1 reduction? Worm gears also have the useful property of being one way. The angle between the worm and the gea r teeth is such that the worm can turn the gear but the gear cannot be used to turn the worm. This would be particularly useful as an additional form of braking for the drum of the de-burring machine however the circuit would have tobe re-designed to slow the analogue output from its full voltage to zero gradually.If this were not done the gears would lock when the motor stopped and the sudden jerk would place a great stress on the components. If the circuit was to be re-designed as suggested the dynamic braking of the motor would be redundant. Improvements to DesignAfter completion of the circuit it was evident that a number of improvements could be made to the design that would make the circuit more versatile or better suited to its task. These will be covered in this section with the aim of showing possible routes for further development of the circuit. Had time permitted some of these could have been tried in the laboratory.Perhaps the simplest of the possible routes for improvi ng the circuit is the replacement of resistors R6 and R6 with variable resistors. This would allow the forward and reverse times for the drum spinning to be altered. In this way the most suitable length of time for the parts to be de-burred can be found without the need to re-build the circuit. It would also mean that different components, requiring different lengths of time, could be de-burred in the same machine, although not at the same time. This would allow the machine to be more flexible and save the company money.By using variable resistors the times could also be fine tuned to compensate for any errors in the timing caused by the tolerances of the components used and also any extra resistance caused by the non-ideal nature of the components. Another improvement to the design would be to eliminate the extended first pulse from the 555 timer which causes the drum to rotate longer on its first cycle. Because the pulse is part of the operation of the 555 timer it is hard to alte r before it affects the analogue out so one solution would be to have some form of clutch system between the drum and motor.This would disengage the drum from the motor at start-up and not allow the drum to be turned until after the first cycle. Some form of circuit could be designed to control the clutch and only engage the motor after the first cycle has passed. Another alternative would be to have the clutch only engage after a set time equal to the duration of the first cycle. This could either be a mechanical or electrical timer and would be required to engage the clutch after 7. 746†¦ +1+8=16. 75sec. Some form of switch could also be incorporated into the circuit to reset the JK flip-flop each time the circuit is switched on.This ensures that the flip-flop always starts in the correct state and that the motor is always turning in the right direction for its first rotations. This switch would also allow the cycle to be restarted without turning the power off. Such a functi on could be simply implemented by connecting the reset pin to +5V via a switch. A final consideration when improving the circuit would be to alter the switching circuit for R6 in such a way that one resistor is always connected and connecting a second resistor in parallel with it alters the total resistance as shown in figure A.A-Alternative Switching CircuitPractical ConsiderationsWhile the motor circuit worked as required in the laboratory test, a number of other factors must be brought into consideration when the circuit is being designed for use in industry. One of the major factors has already been discussed in the section on EMC but there are many more will be briefly covered in this section. One of the most obvious differences between the test equipment and an industrial system is the motor being driven.For safety reasons the motor connected to the circuit was a low power motor but to drive a large drum a larger motor with a higher torque would be required. While the controll er card used can only support motors with an operating voltage up to 30V, a similar controller could be designed to operate at much higher output voltages while still being run off of the same circuit. Another possibility would be to run a number of motors off of on control circuit. This would allow a much greater number of parts to be de-burred without the need for an exceptionally large drum. This would introduce the problem of fan-out however.The relatively low analogue output voltage of 1. 2V would have to be increased if a large number of controller cards were to be driven. The same is true of the voltages from the OR gates controlling direction. This is problem is easily rectified by using op-amps to boost the voltage. When the system is being used in a factory environment there are also a number of environmental issues to be deal with. There could be a great deal of dust or fine particles of metal in the air from the de-burring process, it is also possible that in an automate d process the factory may not be heated.Placing the control circuit in a sealed container can resolve some of these issues, as this will prevent dust from affecting its operation. It would also be possible to incorporate shielding into this casing to improve EMC. The temperature issue is not very important, as it is unlikely that the operating ranges of the IC would be exceeded. For 74 series chips this is in the region of 0-70? C and 54 series chips have an operating range of about –50-120? C. The final consideration when constructing a system for industry would be ease of manufacture.If a large number of these machines were required the circuit would have to be laid out in such a way that it could be easily constructed on printed circuit boards. There are computer programs available to aid the designer in this process and it would be unlikely to cause a major problem. ConclusionsHaving designed and constructed the circuit it was felt that it met all of the given specificati ons although there were still a number of improvements that could have been made. These improvements have been covered briefly in the discussion section and given more time they could have been implemented in the circuit.As already mentioned the only specifications not met were that on start-up the machine should rotate for 3 seconds in one direction before braking and reversing. Using the clutch method mentioned in the discussions could solve this but the design brief given did not extend to cover the drum so has not been included in the final design. During the course of the project a number of other points became evident which greatly ease the process of designing an electronic circuit. Simulation using a computer package such as Pspice saves a considerable amount of time by allowing the circuit to be easily laid out and tested.Any changes required can be made easily without disturbing the rest of the circuit. Another advantage of Pspice is the ability to produce graphs of the ou tputs from the circuit, which can then be scaled, formatted and printed as required. To do this for the actual circuit requires very specialised and expensive equipment. In conclusion, the group felt that all objectives had been met and that the final circuit was successful in fulfilling its role. A number of important lessons were learned about the problems involved in designing a circuit to meet a real-world need and ways of overcoming these problems were found.BILL OF MATERIALS S. NO. | ITEMS| Quantity| PRICE | 1. | motor| 1| | 2. | Diode | | | 3. | capacitor| | | 4. | 555 timer| | | 5. | Relay switch| | | 6. | Coils| | | 7. | resistances| | | 8. | transformer| | | 9. | Wiring materials| | | 10. | Integrated circuit| | | 11. | Wiring board| | | References[1] Schematic Capture with Microsim Pspice Herniter Prentice Hall 3 Ed. Rd P250-252[2] http://www. emclab. umr. edu/An Introduction to EMCUniversity of Missouri-Rolla EMC laboratory[3] http://reality. sgi. com/csp/scvemc/emcdef. tmlEnsuring Compatibility Between the Electromagnetic Environment and Electric and Electrical Devices Kimball William, Chairman, IEEE EMC Education Committee[4] http://www. howstuffworks. com/gears. htmHow gears Work[5]www. scribd . com[6]www. mechanicalprojects. comBackground Reading * Digital Fundamentals Floyd Prentice Hall 7 Edition t h. * Introductory Circuit Analysis Boylestad Prentice Hall 9 Edition t h. * Machine Design – R. K. Rajput. * Kinematics Of Machine – R. S. khurmi. * Automobile Engineering – R. K. Rajput | | |

A Character Analysis of Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s The Virgin Essay Essays

A Character Analysis of Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s The Virgin Essay Essays A Character Analysis of Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s The Virgin Essay Paper A Character Analysis of Kerima Polotan Tuvera’s The Virgin Essay Paper Kerima Polotan-Tuvera’s â€Å"The Virgin† is a short narrative that is centered on two characters viz. Miss Mijares and The Carpenter. The rubric â€Å"The Virgin† reflects the topic virginity which is an of import and precious value for Filipinos. A Filipina should be proud to hold maintained her virginity but in the instance of the thirty-four-year-old Miss Mijares. she is ashamed of it. In her 34 old ages of being. she had neer been committed in a relationship. When she was younger. there had been other things to make and she neer put love on top of her precedences. She had college to complete. a niece to set through school. and a female parent to take attention. Her responsibilities became hinderances for her to be in a relationship. Miss Mijares’ childhood experiences and responsibilities affected her personality. Miss Mijares is a thirty-four-year-old adult female who works at a occupation arrangement bureau. The first brush of the two characters is at the occupation interview. The manner Miss Mijares treat him is as aloof and cold merely like the manner she treated her other interviewees. She looks at herself as superior which explains the impolite linguistic communication she uses to pass on with them. Harmonizing to the text â€Å"When she was younger. there had been other things to do-college to complete. a niece to set through school. a female parent to care for. † Her childhood experiences affected the manner she is now. it greatly affected her personality. Harmonizing to the theory of Sigmund Freud viz. Psychoanalytic Theory of Freud. a person’s childhood experience and unconscious head contributes to his or her personality ( Cherry ) . The manner Miss Mijares maintain her distance from other people and the manner she talk to them function as a defence mechanism. Her unsociable manners coupled with Frank and disconnected manner of address is a camouflage for her solitariness. For nine old ages she dutifully looks out for the demands of her female parent. For nine old ages she doesn’t think about her ain felicity for she prioritizes her responsibility to take attention of her parent. Harmonizing to the text â€Å"But it had taken her parent many old ages to decease. Towards the terminal. it had become a ungrateful job. working her mother’s loose flesh. hr after hr. fighting to rouse the cold. sulky blood in her death organic structure. In the terminal. she had died-her toothless. thin-haired. flabby-fleshed mother-and Miss Mijares had pushed against the bed in heartache and besides gratitude. † We can deduce from the manner she dedicated her early old ages to take attention of her female parent that she valued her household more than herself. She was truly affected by the decease of her female parent whom she loved so much and it triggered the alteration in her personality. She exemplified her high quality as a adult female. â€Å"Miss Mijares did non look 34. She was little. about bony. but she had learned early how to dress herself to accomplish an semblance hips and bosom. She liked fagot and shirrings and small girlish pastel colourss. † Harmonizing to this text. Miss Mijares knows how to do her expression appealing to opposite gender. This is her manner to cover with her solitariness. For 34 old ages she has non even touched a adult male. The manner she behaves and trade with other people Acts of the Apostless as a defence mechanism. Harmonizing to the Behavioral Theory. personality is based on the interaction between the person and the environment which can be learned and unconditioned ( Cherry ) . Her bossy and indistinct mode of address coupled with the manner she dress Acts of the Apostless as a defence mechanism to conceal her depression. The â€Å"girlish pastel color† as stated in the narrative is besides a manner to conceal her true feelings. She is ashamed of herself for still being a virgin at the age of thirty-four. â€Å"And yet Miss Mijares did believe of love. † It is stated in the text that Miss Mijares had short lived phantasies. She is still trusting that love will come her manner someday. It all of a sudden happened when he met the carpenter. She is cold and distant at first but all of a sudden she is drawn to the adult male. It all started at the minute she saw the adult male keeping her paperweight. It is a wooden block with a bird poised to flight. The paperweight was damaged with one wing tilted unevenly so the carpenter decided to repair it. The bird symbolizes freedom ; it symbolizes the freedom of Miss Mijares. She lived in a system where virginity is something of import and should be taken attention of. The job is she is trapped in this system because at the age of 34 she is still a virgin who neer touched a adult male. This will alter because of the carpenter. She will be free like the bird in her paperweight fixed by the carpenter. She will be inadvertently attracted to the carpenter. She doesn’t like the manner he talk without permission but it won’t alteration her feelings toward the adult male. When she learned that the chief has merely given him three peso but he is make fulling in for a four-peso occupation. she confronted the chief right off. It non expected for her to be concerned because of her cold and distant manner of handling him. A alteration in her personality can be seen and it is because of the carpenter. Miss Mijares was emotionally attached to the carpenter. She was surprised and angry when she learned that the carpenter has a boy. She thought the he is individual and non committed. After larning that he was raising a kid by a adult female he is non married to. she notice everything else that is incorrect with him-his crooked smile and faulty forepart dentition. Her reaction proved that she is truly in love with the carpenter. She doesn’t even notice his smile and tooth because of her infatuation. Miss Mijares rode once more a jeepney that detoured once more to avoid traffic but this clip he is with the carpenter. It was raining and all of them were asked to acquire down the jeepney. She noticed that there are no other people in sight but the two of them. Her emotion has gone wild for her immature dreams have all of a sudden come to life. She turned to him with her frills moisture and wilted. Out of her free-will. Miss Mijares has grabbed the chance for love. Harmonizing to the Humanist Theory. a person’s free will and single experience contribute to personality development ( Cherry ) . Her feelings for him have changed her personality. She all of a sudden becomes more caring and concerned. Her personal emotion is the factor for the alteration in her personality. The Virgin trades with the life of Miss Mijares. A girl bounded by her responsibility. She lived in a society where virginity is something to take attention of but at the age of 34 she is ashamed that she is still a virgin. Miss Mijares’ childhood experiences and responsibilities affected her personality. The cold and distant personality coupled with a Frank and disconnected mode of address can be traced back in her early old ages. All of these serve as a defence mechanism to conceal her depression. She developed a certain superior outlook that can be seen in the manner she talks during interviews but all of these changed when the carpenter came into her life. The paperweight with a bird on it symbolizes freedom. Miss Mijares was now free from all her anxiousnesss because of the carpenter who brought order in her life merely like how he fixed the paperweight. Her loved for the carpenter brought the alteration in her life.